Biomedical Journal of Indonesia

Potential Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Phytochemicals in Managing Noncommunicable Diseases

Rizki Andini Nawawi — Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Noncommunicable diseases, such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes, remain a leading cause of death worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Recent research trends revealed possible involvement of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of these noncommunicable diseases. This article provides a review of recent research trends on the human gut microbiota’s involvement in hypertension and type 2 diabetes, and the potential of its modulation by natural products. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain how the gut microbiota contributes to the development of hypertension and type 2 diabetes, one of which is by changes in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. Phytochemicals targeting modulation of the gut microbiota and SCFAs production may show potential in prevention and therapy of hypertension and diabetes. This may be achieved by affecting the composition of the gut microbiota itself and by modulating the microbiota’s metabolic pathways, such as by stimulating synthesis of SCFAs. However, future studies are still needed considering the complexity of factors affecting gut microbiota, as well as the need to develop reproducible methods in studying the gut microbiota and its metabolites in order to further elucidate the role of gut microbiota in health and disease, in order to achieve optimal benefits and better clinical outcomes.

Cellular Mechanisms of Spatial Memory Recovery via Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Experimental TBI: A Review

Lieka Nugrahi Jaslindo, Nurhadi Ibrahim — Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) impairs spatial memory, affects individuals' quality of life, and increases disability and mortality rates. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT), which delivers nearly 100% oxygen in a pressurised environment, has a potential intervention to ameliorate these cognitive deficits. This narrative review presents evidence from animal studies demonstrating the efficacy of HBOT in enhancing spatial memory in rats with TBI. Specifically, we present evidence that HBOT increases levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and activates the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) pathway. These molecular changes foster neuroplasticity and reduce oxidative stress, thereby promoting the repair and growth of dendritic spines and decreasing Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels to prevent neuronal death. By elucidating these mechanisms, this review shows how HBOT contributes to spatial memory recovery in TBI, suggesting a promising therapeutic avenue that need further clinical exploration to refine treatment protocols and evaluate its applicability in human TBI recovery.

Effect of Curcumin Nanoemulsion on Brain Cell Development, Locomotor Function, and Mortality of Zebrafish Larvae Model of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance in pregnancy due to reduced ability of pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin, causing oxidative stress that triggers various complications such as brain apoptosis to locomotor disorders and decreased head size which has an impact on mortality rates. Pharmacological treatment of GDM has side effects that risk affecting fetal development. Therefore, curcumin as a herbal medicine can be an option for GDM treatment because it can increase insulin sensitivity by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) receptor. Methods. Post Test Only Control Group Design was used in this experimental study which was tested on each research variable consisting of 25 zebrafish embryos divided into 5 treatment groups consisting of a negative control, a positive control exposed to 3% glucose, and a diabetic group given curcumin nanoemulsion with three different doses (0.3125 μg/ml, 0.625 μg/ml, 1.25 μg/ml). One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey tests were used to analyze the data from this study. Results. P value from One Way ANOVA test p=0.024 for brain apoptosis, p=0.00 for locomotor ability, p=0.04 for head size, and p=0.006 for mortality rate. Turkey Post Hoc test showed significant differences in the control and 3% glucose + 0.625 µg/ml curcumin nanoemulsion groups (p<0.05). Conclusion. Curcumin nanoemulsion therapy has an effect on decreasing brain apoptosis, increasing locomotor, inhibiting the decrease in head size, and decreasing the mortality rate in zebrafish with gestational diabetes. The most effective dose of curcumin nanoemulsion is 0.625 µg/ml.

Innate and Adaptive Immune Components in Human Breast Milk and Their Role in Early-Life Immunity

Hanum Salsabila, Dewi Sukmawati, Febriana Catur Iswanti — Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Human breast milk is a uniquely complex biological fluid renowned for delivering essential nutrients to newborns. Beyond its nutritional value, it also contains important immunological components that play a fundamental role in infant health and development. This review explores the immunological characteristics of breast milk, highlighting its diverse array of immune cells and bioactive molecules, including secretory IgA, cytokines, and chemokines. These components actively contribute to the maturation of the infant’s immune system, strengthen defenses against infections, and facilitate the development of a balanced gut microbiome. This discussion also explores how the immune components in breast milk function to benefit infants, examining their protective mechanisms and developmental impacts. Additionally, it addresses how storage conditions—such as freezing, refrigeration, or pasteurization—may alter the integrity and effectiveness of these vital immune factors. Furthermore, the influence of external environmental factors, including maternal diet, stress, and exposure to pollutants, is considered for their potential effects on the immunological quality of breast milk. For this literature review, relevant studies were systematically searched across multiple academic databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Elsevier. The search was limited to publications from the past ten years. Emerging research underscores the adaptive nature of breast milk and its profound impact on early-life immunity, offering valuable insights for optimizing infant feeding practices and potential clinical applications.

Comparative Study of Hemoglobin Levels: Adolescents in The Highlands and Lowlands of Blitar Regency, East Java

Arshy Prodyanatasari, Mely Purnadianti, Mardiana Prasetyani Putri — Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction. Indonesia's geographical area appears to be separated into two regions: highlands and lowlands. Highlands impact hemoglobin levels. Because of the decreased partial pressure of oxygen and the body's acclimatization response, being at a high altitude results in hypoxia. In order to adjust to low oxygen levels, hemoglobin levels rise. This study aimed to compare hemoglobin levels using the hemoglobin POCT test among teenagers residing in the lowlands of Blitar Regency, East Java. Methods. Purposive sampling is used in the research method, which employs a cross-sectional approach. The sample is chosen using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results. With an average hemoglobin level of 14.6833 g/dl, teenagers in the Highlands had normal hemoglobin levels for up to five of them (42%), and abnormal hemoglobin levels for seven of them (58%). The average hemoglobin level among teens in the lowlands was 12.2333 g/dl, with three (25%) and nine (75%) having normal levels. Using the Independent T-Test, the data analysis revealed a significant value of 0.038 <0.05. Conclusion. Hemoglobin levels of adolescents who live in the highlands of Semen Village RT. 03 RW. 04 had an average hemoglobin level of 14.6833 g/dl, and hemoglobin levels in adolescents who lived in the lowlands of Sutojayan Village, RT. 01 PC. 04 with an average hemoglobin level of 12.23 g/dL and a significance value of 0.038.

Dasatinib as a Potential Targeted Therapy for Chronic Pancreatitis: A Narrative Review of Macrophage-PSC Interactions

Anton Purnomo, Suyata — Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-term inflammatory condition affecting the pancreas, with progression worsening over time. One of the effects of this disease is the formation of scar tissue, which can permanently damage the pancreas and disrupt its functions, both exocrine and endocrine. Chronic pancreatitis can result in various serious complications and even be fatal. In the effort to treat chronic pancreatitis, therapies targeting macrophages have begun to attract attention as an innovative approach. One of the drugs in the spotlight is dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which has shown the ability to alter the inflammatory response by affecting the macrophage population in the pancreatic microenvironment. This literature review aims to dig deeper into the role of dasatinib in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis and explain the pathophysiology of this disease, especially how macrophage activation contributes to the inflammatory process, as well as the therapeutic effects of dasatinib, we can find new insights to develop more effective treatment strategies.

Factors Influencing Medication Adherence in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan

Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease marked by persistent hyperglicemia. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly prevalent in Japan, affecting approximately 10% of adults with diabetes, according to the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in 2020. Maintaining medication adherence is critical for T2DM management and complications prevention. This review aimed to synthesize factors influencing medication adherence in T2DM patients in Japan. Methods. This systematic review followed PRISMA-P guidelines, using the keywords The keywords “risk factors", "medication adherence", "diabetes mellitus", and "Japan”. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, five cross-sectional studies were selected for analysis. Results. Medication adherence among Japanese T2DM patients ranged from 65% to 85%. Positive factors linked to higher adherence included higher family income, knowledge of drug effect, absence of complication, increased number of medications, frequent healthcare utilization, structured lifestyle perception, and physical functionality. In contrast, variables such as gender, education level, and type of medication showed no significant influence in multiple studies. The use of validated scales highlighted correlations between high adherence and improved HbA1c outcomes. Conclusion. Medication adherence is multifactorial, driven by clinical and socio-behavioral determinants. Knowledge and perception-based interventions, combined with lifestyle modification and simplified therapy regimens, may enhance adherence in Japanese T2DM patients.

Potency of Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) Leaf Extract as Antidiabetic for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by reduced insulin sensitivity and inadequate insulin secretion, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Standard treatment relies on synthetic drugs, which can cause adverse effects in some patients. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, a plant native to Indonesia and widely used in traditional medicine, is being explored as a natural alternative for diabetes management due to its potential antidiabetic properties. This review compiles recent findings on its therapeutic potential. A systematic literature search was conducted in August 2024 in PubMed, Wiley Online Library, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and Google Scholar using the keywords “Rhodomyrtus tomentosa” and “antidiabetic.” Of 774 screened articles, five met the inclusion criteria (2014–2024). The studies employed in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches, focusing mainly on fruits and leaves. Results indicate that R. tomentosa may help control blood glucose by inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase, enzymes critical in carbohydrate digestion. Bioactive compounds such as phloroglucinols and meroterpenes were frequently identified. However, most evidence comes from laboratory models, with limited animal research and no clinical trials. The risk of bias was moderate, often due to incomplete reporting. While findings suggest R. tomentosa is a promising natural candidate for diabetes treatment, its therapeutic value remains unconfirmed. More robust in vivo studies and human clinical trials are essential to clarify its mechanisms, safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy. This review serves as a basis for future research and highlights the need for rigorous studies to validate its clinical potential.

Worldwide Bibliometric Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Research Trends

Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction. Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a critical issue in global health, characterized by the increasing number of resistant pathogens that threaten the effectiveness of infection therapy. Although there has been a significant increase in the number of scientific publications related to AR, there are not many studies that systematically map the dynamics and direction of global research. This study aims to evaluate the global trend of antibiotic resistance research in the period 2022–2025 through a bibliometric approach. Methods. This is a quantitative bibliometric study with a descriptive design. Data were taken from 1,845 indexed international scientific sources, covering 18,786 documents. The analysis was carried out using the Bibliometrix R-package , focusing on publication growth, scientific collaboration, dominant keywords, and identification of the most contributing authors, institutions, and countries. Results. The study showed that despite a -28.01% decline in the annual publication growth rate, research volume remained high, with 27.62% cross-border collaboration and 87,959 authors involved. China and the United States dominated both in terms of publications and citations, while frequent keywords reflected a laboratory approach and focus on major pathogens. The most influential articles were published in leading journals such as The Lancet, Gut, and Clinical Infectious Diseases. Conclusion. This study confirms that antibiotic resistance remains a major focus of the global scientific community, characterized by extensive, collaborative, and evidence-based research activities. These findings provide an important scientific basis for designing more effective, adaptive, and sustainable AR research and policy strategies at the global level.

Determinant Factors Influencing Malaria Incidence in an Endemic Area of Sumbawa, Indonesia

Herni Hasifah, Nikodimus Margo Rinenggantyas — Wed, 08 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction. Indonesia still records the incidence of malaria every year, as several malaria cases still occur in the country. Contributing factors and community aspects have a noteworthy effect on any malaria elimination activities. Methods. This study is a correlational study with a cross-sectional time approach. The population in this study were 59 respondents in Ropang sub-district, Sumbawa. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. Bivariate analysis of statistical tests used was logistic regression. Results. There are two variables that have a significant effect on the incidence of malaria, namely knowledge and preventive behavior. The knowledge variable had a significance value of 0.019 (p < 0.05), and an odds ratio value of 0.235. The preventive behavior variable also showed a significant influence on malaria incidence with a significance value of 0.008 (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the perception variable did not show a significant effect on the incidence of malaria, with a significance value of 0.359 (p> 0.05). Conclusion. The results of this study showed that knowledge and preventive behavior had a significant effect on the incidence of malaria in respondents, while perception did not show a statistically significant relationship. These findings provide a new contribution to the understanding of the determinants of malaria prevention behavior in the study area.