Hypolipidemic Effect of Galoba Fruit (Hornstedtia sp.) Extract on LDL-Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolemic Mice
Main Article Content
Introduction. Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), particularly in its oxidized form, contributes to atherosclerosis and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Galoba fruit (Hornstedtia sp.) contains antioxidant phytochemicals that may support lipid regulation. This study evaluated the hypolipidemic effect of Hornstedtia sp. extract in hypercholesterolemic mice. Methods. Twenty-five male mice were randomly assigned to five groups: normal control (KN), negative control (K–, high-fat diet only), positive control (K+, simvastatin 10 mg/kg BW), and two treatment groups receiving Galoba fruit extract at doses of 200 mg/kg BW (P1) and 400 mg/kg BW (P2). Hypercholesterolemia was induced with a high-fat diet, and the extract was prepared by ethanol maceration. Because of limited serum volume, LDL-C levels were estimated indirectly using the Anandaraja equation based on total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Results. LDL-C levels decreased in the extract-treated groups compared with the negative control. The Kruskal–Wallis test showed significant differences among groups (p < 0.05; overall p = 0.000). The greatest reduction was observed in P1 (11.90 mg/dL), followed by P2 (16.60 mg/dL), although neither exceeded the effect of K+ (7.90 mg/dL). Conclusion. Hornstedtia sp. extract demonstrated potential in lowering LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic mice, suggesting its role as a natural adjunct for lipid control. However, the use of indirect LDL-C estimation and the small sample size warrant cautious interpretation. Further studies with direct lipid profiling and mechanistic exploration are recommended before translational application.
Keywords:
Hypercholesterolemia
Hornstedtia sp.,
LDL-cholesterol
High-Fat diet
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34. Skibola, C. F., & Smith, M. T. (2000). Potential Health Impacts Of Excessive Flavonoid Intake. Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue, 29, 375–383.
2. Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia (PERKENI). Panduan Pengelolaan Dislipidemia di Indonesia. Jakarta: PERKENI; 2021.
3. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol. Nature. 2020;582(7810):73–77.
4. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory: Cholesterol, HDL, mean (crude estimate). Geneva: WHO; 2021. https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/2384
5. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2019.
6. Nadilla S, Widiarti R, Sabono FN, et al. Skrining penyakit tidak menular pada masyarakat Desa Negeri Lama, Kecamatan Baguala, Kota Ambon. Pattimura Mengabdi. 2023;1(1):95–105.
7. Leiwakabessy, A. Y., Ode, W., Zawawi, M., & Anmama, A. I. (n.d.). Skrining penyakit tidak menular (glukosa darah sewaktu, kolesterol, asam urat) di Negeri Ureng Kecamatan Leihitu, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah Tahun 2021. Pattimura Mengabdi. 2023;1(1):76–82.
8. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106(25):3143-3421.
9. Nelson DL, Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman; 2017.
10. Hariadini AL, Sidharta B, Ebtavanny TG, Minanga EP. Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Ketepatan Penggunaan Obat Simvastatin pada Pasien Hiperkolesterolemia di Apotek Kota Malang. Pharmacic Jurnal Indonesia. 2020;5(2). p.91–6.
11. Sari H, Nurmaulia N, Wahyudi W, Fahdi F.Uji Efektivitas Antikolesterol Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika (Gymnanthemum Amygdalina Del.) Dengan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Pada Tikus Hiperkolesterol. Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi Herbal.2020;2(2). p.1–7.
12. Sule ME-S, Astuty E, Tahitu R. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Galoba (Hornstedtia alliacea) Seeds Extract. Bioactivities. 2023;1(2):917–947
13. Matulatuwa FR, Taihuttu Y, Rahawarin H. Gambaran Histopatologi Hepar Mencit (Mus musculus) Hiperglikemia Pasca Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Buah Galoba fruit (Hornstedtia sp.). Molucca Medica, 2023;16(2), p.128.
14. International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice. Guidelines for Nomenclature of Mouse and Rat Strains. Bar Harbor (ME): The Jackson Laboratory; 2013.
15. Festing MFW. Inbred strains of mice. In: Hedrich HJ, editor. The Laboratory Mouse. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press; 2012. p. 73–96.
16. Adaramoye OA, Akintayo O, Achem J, Fafunso MA. Lipid-lowering effects of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in rats fed on high cholesterol diet. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(1):235-41.
17. Hemalatha S, Wahi AK, Singh PN, Chansouria JP. Hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Withania coagulans Dunal in albino rats. Phytother Res. 2006 Jul;20(7):614-7.
18. Anandaraja S, Narang R, Godeswar R, Laksmy R, Talwar KK. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol estimation by a new formula in Indian population. Int J Cardiol. 2005;102(1):117–20.
19. Mouse LDL-Cholesterol Assay Kit. Assay range 4.5–245 mg/dL; sample volume 3 μL; Crystal Chem.
20. Khovidhunkit W, Kim MS, Memon RA, Shigenaga JK, Moser AH, Feingold KR, et al. Effects of infection and inflammation on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: mechanisms and consequences to the host. J Lipid Res. 2004;45(7):1169–96.
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22. Choi H, Shim JS, Lee MH, Yoon YM, Choi DP, Kim HC. Comparison of Formulas for Calculating Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in General Population and High-risk Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Korean Circ J. 2016 Sep;46(5):688-698. doi: 10.4070/kcj.2016.46.5.688. Epub 2016 Sep 28. PMID: 27721861; PMCID: PMC5054182.
23. Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(32):2459-2472.
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25. Maron, D. J., Fazio, S., Macrae, ;, & Linton, F. (2000). Current Perspectives on Statins. Cardiovascular Drugs. http://www.circulationaha.org
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30. Gupta, S., Sodhi, S., & Mahajan, V. (2009). Correlation of antioxidants with lipid peroxidation and lipid profile in patients suffering from coronary artery disease. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 13(8), 889–894. https://doi.org/10.1517/14728220903099668
31. Kumar, R., Salwe, K. J., & Kumarappan, M. (2017). Evaluation of antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiatherogenic property of lycopene and astaxanthin in atherosclerosis-induced rats. Pharmacognosy Research, 9(2), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.204654
32. Gustaman, F., Trisna Wulandari, W., Nurviana, V., Idacahyati STIKes Bakti Tunas Husada, K., Cilolohan No, J., & Korespondensi, T. (2019). Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari. Antioxidant Activity Of Pining (Hornstedtia Alliacea) By Using Dpph Method.
33. Halliwell B. The antioxidant paradox: less paradoxical now?. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Mar;75(3):637-644
34. Skibola, C. F., & Smith, M. T. (2000). Potential Health Impacts Of Excessive Flavonoid Intake. Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue, 29, 375–383.
