Side Stream Cigarette Smoke and Its Role in Inducing Oxidative Stress in Rat Cerebral Tissue
Main Article Content
Introduction. Smoking behavior can affect not only the individual smoker but also those around them. Individuals exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk of developing similar health problems as those faced by individuals who actively smoke. Secondhand smoke causes an imbalance of systemic oxidants and antioxidants characterized by the presence of a lipid peroxidation product, namely Malondialdehyde (MDA). The main objective of this study was to assess how exposure to sidestream cigarette smoke affects MDA levels in rat cerebral tissue Methods. A true experimental study was conducted using 30 male Wistar rats with a post-test only control group design. All rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, namely 1 control group and 4 treatment groups. A total of 270 cigarettes were used as exposure sources. A spectrophotometer at a wavelength (λmax) of 533 nm was used to measure MDA levels. The MDA level data were then analyzed. ANOVA and Kruskall Wallis tests were performed after evaluating the results of the Normality and Homogeneity tests. A p value <0.05 indicates significant data. Results. The results indicate that the group exposed to cigarette smoke using 4 cigarettes for 30 days (P4) exhibited elevated MDA levels compared to the control group. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between secondhand smoke and increased MDA levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion. This study results suggest that exposure to SSCS contributes to increased MDA levels in the brain tissue of Wistar rats, which indicates oxidative stress.
Keywords:
Smoking
Malondialdehyde
Brain
Side stream smoke
Oxidative stress
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2. Rennard SI, Daughton DM. Smoking Cessation. Clin Chest Med. 2014;35(1):165–76.
3. Tulchinsky TH, Varavikova EA, Cohen MJ. Family health and primary prevention. In: The New Public Health, 4th ed., San Diego: Academic Press, 2023, pp. 467–549.
4. Jiang C, Chen Q, Xie M. Smoking increases the risk of infectious diseases: A narrative review. Tob Induc Dis. 2020;18:60.
5. Li L, Yang DC, Chen CH. Metabolic reprogramming: A driver of cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory lung diseases. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;163:392–401.
6. Nurhayati-Wolff H. Indonesia: Share of Population Who Smoked 2023 | Statista [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jul 16]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/955144/indonesia-smoking-rate/
7. Indonesia | Tobacco Atlas [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Mar 25]. Available from: https://tobaccoatlas.org/factsheets/indonesia/
8. Das SK. Harmful health effects of cigarette smoking. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003;253(1/2):159–65.
9. Naeem Z. Second-hand smoke – ignored implications. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2015;9(2):5.
10. Lumb AB, Thomas CR. Smoking and Air Pollution. In: Nunn’s Applied Respiratory Physiology, 8th ed. Elsevier, 2017, pp. 281-290.
11. Alberg AJ, Brock M V., Samet JM. Epidemiology of Lung Cancer. In: Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine: Volume 1,2, 6th ed. Elsevier, 2016, pp. 927-939.e5.
12. Ünver Ş, Tekmanli HH, Alkan Ö. Passive smoking as a risk factor among older adults: an ordered probability approach for Türkiye. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1142635.
13. Cao S, Yang C, Gan Y, Lu Z. The Health Effects of Passive Smoking: An Overview of Systematic Reviews Based on Observational Epidemiological Evidence. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):139907.
14. Schick S, Glantz SA. Sidestream cigarette smoke toxicity increases with aging and exposure duration. Tob Control. 2006;15(6):424.
15. Behera SN, Xian H, Balasubramanian R. Human health risk associated with exposure to toxic elements in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke. Sci Total Environ. 2014;472:947–56.
16. Bai A, Jin Y, Huang Y. Impact of secondhand smoke exposure on cognitive function among middle-aged and older women in China: findings from three waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):e039824.
17. Wan Z, Zhang X, He H, Zhang Y, Chen GC, Qin LQ, et al. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Risk of Dementia in Nonsmokers: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Neuroepidemiology. 2024;58(3):166–73.
18. Raber J, Stagaman K, Kasschau KD, Davenport C, Lopes L, Nguyen D, et al. Behavioral and Cognitive Performance Following Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke (SHS) from Tobacco Products Associated with Oxidative-Stress-Induced DNA Damage and Repair and Disruption of the Gut Microbiome. Genes 2023;14(9):1702.
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20. La Maestra S, Kisby GE, Micale RT, Johnson J, Kow YW, Bao G, et al. Cigarette Smoke Induces DNA Damage and Alters Base-Excision Repair and Tau Levels in the Brain of Neonatal Mice. Toxicological Sciences. 2011;123(2):471–9.
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29. Bardaweel SK, Gul M, Alzweiri M, Ishaqat A, Alsalamat HA, Bashatwah RM. Reactive Oxygen Species: the Dual Role in Physiological and Pathological Conditions of the Human Body. Eurasian J Med. 2018;50(3):193.
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36. Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D, et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:757.
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41. Hu JP, Zhao XP, Ma XZ, Wang Y, Zheng LJ. Effects of cigarette smoke on aerobic capacity and serum MDA content and SOD activity of animal. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7(11):4461.
